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[ The desire to maintain a complete self-image ] ❶ People have a need to maintain an image of self-integrity. ❷ In an early demonstration of this, Steele (1975) threatened women’s self-images by telling them that, as members of their community, it was common knowledge that they either were cooperative with community projects, uncooperative with community projects, or not concerned about driving ..

[How Body Behavior affects Persuasion ] ❶ One study brought in a large group of students to do “market research on high-tech headphones.” ❷ The students were told that the researchers wanted to test how well the headphones worked while they were in motion. ❸ Following the songs, the researchers played an argument about how the university’s tuition should be raised from $587 per semester to $750 ..

[ The role of tone when speaking ] ❶ Imagine two students examining their grades on a math test. ❷ One student tries hard but rarely gets a grade higher than a “C.” ❸ The other is the top math student in the school; she always gets an “A.” ❹ On this particular test, however, both students receive a “B.” ❺ These students might use the same words in discussing their grades, but with a remarkably d..

[ Results of clear communication ] ❶ In the late 1970s, Douglas Adams wrote his science fiction novel, subsequently a movie, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. ❷ In it, he identifies one problem facing space travelers: the inability to communicate clearly with one another because of the wide variety of languages spoken. ❸ Yet a little creature that came to be called Babel Fish evolved that, w..

[ Negative aspects of the crowd's wisdom ] ❶ You’d think that whenever more than one person makes a decision, they’d draw on collective wisdom. ❷ Surely, a group of minds can do better than an individual. ❸ Unfortunately, that’s not always the case. ❹ The wisdom of a crowd partly relies on the fact that all judgments are independent. ❺ If people guess the weight of a cow and put it on a slip of ..

[ The reason why kids are influential in marketing ] ❶ In today’s marketing and advertising-soaked world, people cannot escape brands. ❷ The younger they are when they start using a brand or product, the more likely they are to keep using it for years to come. ❸ But that’s not the only reason companies are aiming their marketing and advertising at younger consumers. ❹ As James U. McNeal, a profe..

[ The Problem of Pursuing Unrealistic Goals ] ❶ People often think that they can accomplish more than they actually end up accomplishing and that any costs incurred will be as expected. ❷ In reality, many of us fall short of our work goal. ❸ And, budget overruns are a common feature of large public projects. ❹ The Sydney Opera House, for instance, was supposed to be completed in 1963 at a cost o..

[ description of semiotics ] ❶ Semiotics is the theory of signs. ❷ Simply put, a sign is something that represents something else. ❸ Here’s an example: look out of the window and find a tree. ❹ There are all sorts of signs for that thing you’re looking at. ❺ One of them is the word tree itself, four letters spelled out on the page: t-r-e-e. ❻ A different sign is the spoken word, “tree.” ❼ Anothe..

[ Changes in bathing according to changes in society ] ❶ For most of the history of our species, in most parts of the world, bathing has been a collective act. ❷ In ancient Asia, the practice was a religious ritual believed to have medical benefits related to the purification of the soul and body. ❸ For the Greeks, the baths were associated with self-expression, song, dance, and sport, while in ..

[ A watch that tells you the duty of loyalty ] ❶ A soldier in one of the Prussian regiments had a watch chain of which he was very proud. ❷ Because he could not afford a watch, he used to wear a bullet attached to the chain’s free end. ❸ One day Frederick the Great noticed this curious ornament and, deciding to have some fun with the man, took out his own diamond-studded watch. ❹ “My watch tells..

[ Expenses included in the purchase of goods ] ❶ When you purchase an item, you are paying not just for the item, but the costs to get that item to you. ❷ Let’s say you visit a farm and buy a tomato. ❸ It might cost the farmer very little to grow a tomato, so the farmer might be able to sell you a tomato for much less than it would cost in the supermarket and still make a nice profit. ❹ When you..

[ Benefits of an official interrogator during class ] ❶ Every day in each of my classes I randomly select two students who are given the title of “official questioners.” ❷ These students are assigned the responsibility to ask at least one question during that class. ❸ After being the day’s official questioner, one of my students, Carrie, visited me in my office. ❹ Just to break the ice, I asked ..

Background of New York's Stock Exchange ❶ Whenever a business wants to grow, it has to find investors, who are people that are willing to give the business the money that it needs. ❷ In return, the investors get a part of the business’ profits (if there are any). ❸ Somewhere along the way, someone got the bright idea to divide up a company into “shares” or “stocks”. ❹ Each share would represent ..

The problems of collective work ❶ One of the most frequent problems in groupwork is that not everyone puts the same amount of effort into the task. ❷ Group members may have a different work ethic or standards for the quality of their work, and this will probably result in different levels of commitment to the group work. ❸ While different levels of commitment to the task could be partly influenc..

Obedience Training Lessons For Dogs ❶ Obedience training involves teaching a dog to perform certain behaviors at a given signal from the handler. ❷ These behaviors may be as simple as sitting at the owner’s side or as complex as retrieving a selected object after dealing with a series of obstacles or barriers. ❸ The signals may be verbal or non-verbal or a combination of the two. ❹ Novice obedie..

Popular animals in ecotourism ❶ Ecotourists, when it comes to animals, prefer the ‘good’ and the funny, are in awe of the big, fascinated by the bad, but are not interested in the ugly or the dull. ❷ Creatures like dolphins and monkeys are seen as good perhaps because they are the nearest creatures to us in terms of intelligence. ❸ We also find them aesthetically attractive in the case of dolphi..

Characteristics of the Flipped learning class method ❶ Flipped Learning allows for a variety of learning modes. ❷ Educators often physically rearrange their learning spaces to support either group work or independent study. ❸ They create flexible spaces in which students choose when and where they learn. ❹ Furthermore, educators who flip their classes are flexible in their expectations of studen..

the diversity of slang usage among different groups ❶ Slang is actually quite difficult for linguists to find out about. ❷ You will have your local slang that you use in your school or in your town, and there’s no way I would ever know about it unless you told me what it was. ❸ Indeed, in your area you’ll probably have several different kinds of slang. ❹ The slang that kids use in primary school..

Anne.숑 · 리딩파워 완성 13강 P2 [ Children from African societies who spend their whole lives with music ] ❶ Children in traditional African societies are constantly surrounded by instrumental music, song, and dance. ❷ Their musical training is a lifelong process that begins at birth with cradle songs and prepares them for participation in all aspects of adult life. ❸ On the backs of their re..

Anne.숑 · 리딩파워 완성 13강 P1 [ European colonial expansion in Africa ] ❶ In the second half of the nineteenth century, Europe turned its eyes toward Africa. ❷ Colonial expansion in Africa is one example (China was another) of European imperialism in the nineteenth century. ❸ These European imperialists needed colonies for trade and raw materials for their new factories built during the Ind..